English glossary

academic register

Formal, precise language suited to serious study and discussion.

A context-dependent variety of language characterised by formal vocabulary, explicit reasoning and controlled grammatical structures.

Salim maintained an academic register by saying, “The evidence suggests,” rather than, “I just feel.”

accessibility

Designing information so that different readers can use and understand it.

The extent to which content and its presentation can be perceived, navigated and understood by users with varied needs.

Alternative text and clear headings improve the accessibility of a digital portfolio.

account

A spoken or written description of an event.

A representation of an event shaped by a writer’s evidence, perspective and purpose.

The student report offered a detailed account of the outdoor reading morning.

Active voice

The subject performs the action.

The council closed the pool.

Adaptation

A version of a text remade in another medium.

A novel filmed.

adverbial

A word or phrase that adds information about time, place, manner or reason.

A sentence element that modifies a verb, clause or sentence by expressing circumstances such as time, location or manner.

Along the Doha Corniche, students recorded changes in the shoreline.

Affordance

What a medium makes easy or hard to communicate.

Video makes emotion easy and caveats hard.

Agency

Clear responsibility for an action in a sentence.

Active voice usually shows agency.

Agent

The person or thing performing the action.

by the council

Allusion

An indirect reference to another text, person or event.

Naming a character Antigone.

Ambiguity

A deliberate openness to more than one reading.

An ending that refuses to confirm a death.

Anaphora

Repeating the same opening words across clauses.

without teachers, without funding, without time

Arc

The overall shape of a character change.

From avoidance to commitment.

Attribution

Naming the source and its type so readers can weigh it.

a 2023 residents association survey

Authority

Whether the author has relevant expertise.

A cardiologist writing on heart health.

axis

A reference line that shows what chart values or categories mean.

A horizontal or vertical reference line on a graph along which variables, categories or measured values are displayed.

The horizontal axis lists Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday.

Base rate

How common something is in absolute terms.

1 in 100000 people per year.

bias

A preference or interest that may influence a source.

A systematic tendency in perspective, selection or presentation that can affect a source’s reliability.

The company’s commercial purpose may create bias in its description of visitor impact.

build on

To connect a new point to an idea already shared.

To extend a previous contribution by adding relevant explanation, evidence or implications.

Building on Mariam’s idea, Hamad suggested adding native plants.

call to action

A clear request telling the audience what to do next.

A concluding persuasive appeal that identifies a specific, achievable response expected from the audience.

The call to action asked students to support a one-month trial this week.

Caption

The text under an image or chart explaining what it shows.

Water use per person, 2015 to 2020.

Caveat

A stated limitation on a claim.

Effects are smaller in high-attendance schools.

Central idea

The most important idea an informational text develops, said in one sentence.

Biology, not laziness, explains teenage sleep patterns.

character change

A shift in a character’s attitude, understanding or behaviour.

A development in a character’s traits, beliefs or actions caused by narrative experiences.

Noor’s character change is shown when she begins to value cooperation.

Characterisation

The methods a writer uses to show what a character is like.

Actions, speech, thoughts and the reactions of others.

circular wording

An unclear explanation that repeats the term instead of explaining it.

A defective definition that relies on the word or concept being defined to establish its meaning.

The sentence “A shelter is something that shelters” uses circular wording.

citation

Information showing where borrowed evidence or ideas came from.

A standardised acknowledgement that identifies the source of quoted, paraphrased or summarised material.

The paraphrased idea ends with the citation (Hasan 18).

Claim

An arguable statement you will prove.

Later start times would improve attendance.

clarifying question

A question that makes an idea clearer or more detailed.

An enquiry requesting explanation, definition or detail to improve shared understanding of a contribution.

Mariam asked a clarifying question about which plants would use the least water.

clause

A group of words containing a subject and a verb.

A grammatical unit containing a subject and predicate; it may be independent or dependent.

When the sun rose, the researchers began their survey.

climax

The moment of greatest tension or most important action in a story.

The narrative turning point at which the central conflict reaches its highest intensity and begins to change.

The climax occurs when Mariam decides to answer the difficult question confidently.

Close reading

Analysis at the level of individual words, syntax and placement.

Why quiet rather than silent.

Coherence

The quality that makes an argument easy to follow across paragraphs.

Signposting and repeated key terms.

Cohesion

The linking that makes paragraphs flow logically.

Furthermore, consequently, by contrast.

Comma splice

Two complete sentences joined by only a comma.

The bus was late, we missed the film.

commentary

Your explanation of how evidence supports an analytical claim.

Reasoned interpretation that establishes the relationship between selected textual evidence and an analytical argument.

Her commentary explains why crossing out the possessive phrase signals a shift in priorities.

Complex character

A character with conflicting motivations who changes.

Someone who fears exposure but speaks anyway.

Compression

Merging events or characters to save time.

Three chapters become one breakfast.

Concision

Saying exactly what is needed in as few words as accuracy allows.

Cutting basically and kind of.

Conflict

The struggle that drives a story, inside a character or between characters.

Nadia versus her own fear of being laughed at.

Connotation

The feeling or association a word carries beyond its plain meaning.

Scrawny sounds unkind; slender sounds admiring.

Context

The historical and cultural situation shaping a text and its reading.

Institutional policy in a modern hospital.

Context clue

Information in the surrounding words that reveals a word meaning.

Fallen trees blocked every route tells you impassable.

Contribution

Anything you add to a discussion, including a question.

Asking for evidence is a strong contribution.

Convergence

Where independent sources agree.

Two datasets showing the same rise.

Correlation

Two things changing together without proof one causes the other.

Ice cream sales and drowning.

corroborate

To confirm a claim using separate supporting evidence.

To strengthen or verify a proposition through agreement with evidence from an independent source.

The second report corroborates the claim that approximately 2,400 kilograms was collected.

Corroboration

Independent confirmation from another source.

Two unconnected studies agreeing.

Counter-argument

The strongest point against your claim, stated fairly.

Some argue homework builds independence.

Counter-evidence

Textual detail that resists your interpretation.

A doctor warning.

counterargument

A viewpoint or claim that challenges the writer’s main argument.

An opposing position that a writer acknowledges and may answer through rebuttal, concession or qualification.

The speaker answers the counterargument that one school cannot influence a wider challenge.

counterclaim

A reasonable position that challenges your main claim.

An alternative or opposing assertion that a speaker acknowledges and evaluates before offering a rebuttal.

The speaker answered the counterclaim that the proposed route would be too costly.

counterreading

A different but evidence-based way of reading a text.

An alternative interpretation that challenges or qualifies another reading through a coherent analysis of textual evidence.

The counterreading argues that the chest represents responsible preservation rather than selfish hoarding.

credibility

The degree to which a source is trustworthy and well supported.

The assessed reliability of a source based on authority, evidence, currency, purpose and corroboration.

The transparent method and named researchers increased the report’s credibility.

curate

To select and arrange material for a clear purpose.

To evaluate, select, contextualise and organise artefacts according to defined communicative or assessment aims.

I will curate three drafts that show how my reasoning became more nuanced.

Dangling modifier

A modifier whose intended subject is missing from the sentence.

Having finished the exam, the hall emptied.

Data visualisation

A graphical presentation of quantitative information.

An attendance line chart.

Defensible reading

An interpretation supported by evidence that survives counter-evidence.

A rebirth reading built on water imagery.

definition

A clear statement explaining the meaning of a term.

A statement that identifies a concept’s category and distinguishes it through its essential characteristics.

Her definition explains that a dhow is a traditional sailing vessel.

denotation

The direct dictionary meaning of a word.

The explicit, literal meaning that a linguistic community conventionally assigns to a word.

The denotation of “whisper” is to speak very softly.

departure

A purposeful change from the original text.

An adaptive choice that alters, omits or adds source material, producing a different effect or interpretation.

The shared ending is a departure that strengthens the theme of cooperation.

Development

The change in a character across a text.

Refusal, hesitation, then public action.

dialogue

The spoken words exchanged by characters in a text.

Represented speech used within a narrative to develop character, relationships, conflict or plot.

“Start with what you noticed,” Noura said.

dramatic irony

A situation in which the reader knows more than a character.

A narrative condition in which the audience possesses significant information unavailable to one or more characters.

You know the event has moved to Hall B while Tariq waits in Hall A.

Embedded quotation

A quotation woven into your own sentence.

The writer notes that teenagers feel alert at eleven.

Emphasis

What a treatment foregrounds.

One family morning routine.

Ethos

The credibility and character a speaker projects.

Nineteen years in this district.

evaluative commentary

A reflection that uses evidence to judge the effectiveness of your choices.

An analytical text that interprets evidence and makes reasoned judgements about the quality, effect or development of written work.

Her evaluative commentary explains why the revised counterclaim is more convincing.

Evidence

A quotation, fact or example taken from a source.

melatonin is released later at night

Evidence table

A pre-drafting grid of sources, findings and intended use.

Four rows including one counter-source.

false cause

Assuming one event caused another without enough proof.

A reasoning error that infers a causal relationship from sequence, association or limited evidence without establishing causation.

Claiming that heat caused the fault simply because it occurred first is a false cause.

False dilemma

Presenting only two options when others exist.

Ban phones or accept failure.

Faulty parallelism

Mixing forms within a list or pair.

running, to swim, and cycling

Fidelity

How closely an adaptation follows its source.

A scene-for-scene film.

first-person narrator

A narrator who tells their own experience using “I” or “we”.

A narrator who participates in the story and presents events through personal perceptions, knowledge and language.

The first-person narrator admits, “I did not notice the rope.”

Foreshadowing

An early hint of a later event.

A cracked step mentioned twice.

Fragment

A group of words punctuated as a sentence but not able to stand alone.

Because the bus was late.

frame

The angle created by selecting and emphasising certain details.

A presentational structure that shapes interpretation through selection, emphasis, wording, context and omission.

The word “surges” frames a 5% increase as dramatic.

Framing

The wider story a writer places an event inside.

Conservation versus democracy.

hallucination

Plausible but false information produced by a generative tool.

Generated output that presents fabricated, unsupported or inaccurate information as though it were factual.

An invented research citation in generated text is a hallucination.

hasty generalisation

A broad conclusion based on too few or unrepresentative examples.

A reasoning error in which evidence from an inadequate sample is extended to a larger population or situation.

Calling all stations crowded after visiting one is a hasty generalisation.

heading

A short title that identifies the topic of a section.

A typographical text feature that labels a section and signals the focus or hierarchy of its content.

The heading helps you predict that the section will discuss wildlife.

Hedging

Language that softens a claim.

may indicate, in some cases

Hook

An opening line written to catch attention rather than to state the main idea.

Teenagers are often accused of laziness.

imagery

Language that helps you imagine sights, sounds or other sensations.

Descriptive or figurative language that evokes sensory experience in a reader.

The imagery of “silver ribbons” helps you picture light moving across the water.

In medias res

Starting a narrative in the middle of the action.

Opening mid-chase.

In-text citation

A short bracketed credit inside your writing.

(Ahmed, 2022)

Incident

An event that provokes a response and moves the plot.

The accusation about telling.

Independent clause

A group of words with a subject and verb that makes sense alone.

The bus was late.

inference

A conclusion formed by combining textual clues with careful reasoning.

An interpretation logically derived from textual evidence rather than directly stated information.

You can infer from the corrected log that Mariam is choosing collective responsibility.

infographic

A visual display that communicates information using words, images or symbols.

A multimodal representation that integrates concise language and visual elements to organise and communicate information.

The infographic shows where different animals gather around a mangrove.

Integrate

To combine information from more than one source into one understanding.

Using the chart and the sentence together.

Integration

Weaving quotations into your own grammar.

a man made quiet by what he cannot say

interpretation

A supported explanation of what a text means.

An analytical claim about a text’s meaning, constructed through evidence, reasoning and attention to literary choices.

Her interpretation connected the empty chest with the theme of shared knowledge.

Interpretive thesis

An arguable reading of a text that names how the text achieves it.

Silence, not violence, is presented as the true cost.

Intertextuality

The relationship between a text and other texts it draws on.

A novel reworking a myth.

irony

A meaningful contrast between what is expected or claimed and what occurs.

A literary technique creating significance through a discrepancy between appearance, expectation, statement and reality.

It is ironic that the clear-story board stands beside an object with an uncertain history.

line

One row of words in a poem.

A structural unit of poetry arranged as a distinct horizontal sequence of words.

The line “Then footsteps tap along the path” introduces movement.

Load-bearing premise

The premise whose failure would collapse the argument.

The democracy precondition claim.

loaded language

Words carrying strong approval or disapproval beyond their basic meaning.

Lexical choices with evaluative connotations intended to shape an audience’s emotional or ethical response.

Calling the trial a “transformation” uses loaded language to encourage approval.

logical chunk

A group of related ideas that serves one clear purpose.

A deliberately organised unit of information in which all details develop the same subtopic or function.

The writer used one logical chunk to explain how mangrove roots protect wildlife.

Logos

The appeal to reason, evidence and logical structure.

Three named conditions for success.

Medium

The form a work uses, such as prose, film or stage.

Film uses image and sound.

metaphor

A direct comparison saying one thing is another.

A figure of speech that transfers qualities from one thing to another through an implied or direct comparison.

The faded map was a patient teacher.

misplaced modifier

A description positioned too far from the word it should modify.

A modifying element whose syntactic position creates ambiguity or an unintended relationship.

Unclear: We saw a falcon from the bus with powerful wings.

Modifier

A word or group of words that describes something else.

Running late

Mood

The feeling created in the reader.

A tense, airless mood.

Motif

A repeated image or idea that builds meaning.

Clean water recurring.

Motivation

The reason a character wants something and acts.

Nadia wants to avoid being laughed at again.

multimedia

Visual, audio or digital elements used to communicate information.

The purposeful integration of multiple communication modes to clarify, strengthen or extend ideas.

The speaker used a labelled diagram as multimedia to clarify the structure of mangrove roots.

Nominalisation

Turning a verb into a noun, often making prose heavier.

implementation instead of implement

non-linear narrative

A narrative that presents events outside chronological order.

A narrative structure in which the discourse order of events differs from their chronological story order.

The non-linear narrative begins with Mariam’s questioning before returning to the storm.

nuance

A small but meaningful difference in meaning, feeling or strength.

A subtle semantic or pragmatic distinction between expressions that have broadly related meanings.

The verb “urge” carries a stronger nuance of importance than “suggest”.

nuanced thesis

A main claim that includes a clear judgement together with meaningful limits or conditions.

A defensible controlling claim that expresses an evaluative position while accounting for relevant complexity, qualification or limitation.

Her nuanced thesis supported outdoor observation while limiting it to suitable conditions and relevant units.

Objective summary

A short retelling of the key events with no opinions added.

A thirsty crow raises the water level by dropping pebbles into a pitcher.

Omission

A relevant fact a source leaves out.

The council text never mentions consultation.

Omniscient

A narrator who knows the thoughts of every character.

Neither of them knew the other was afraid.

Pacing

The speed at which a narrative moves.

Short scenes accelerate the story.

Parallelism

Using the same grammatical form for items of equal importance.

running, swimming and cycling

Paraphrase

To restate what someone said in your own words.

So are you saying the effect fades?

Passive voice

The subject receives the action.

The pool was closed.

Pathos

The appeal to the audience emotions and values.

Give us those three things.

percentage change

The amount of change compared with the original value.

The difference between a new and original value divided by the original value and multiplied by 100.

The percentage change from 500 to 525 entries was 5%.

Percentage point

The arithmetic difference between two percentages.

40 to 44 per cent is 4 percentage points.

Personification

Describing a thing as if it were human.

The clock tower bell seemed to think twice.

Phrase

A group of words without both a subject and a verb.

after the storm

Plagiarism

Presenting someone else words or ideas as your own.

Copying a sentence with two words swapped.

Point of view

The position from which a story is told.

First person uses I.

portfolio

A purposeful collection of work showing your achievement and development.

A curated body of texts and process evidence assembled to demonstrate performance, reflection and development over time.

My portfolio places an early claim beside its revised version.

Prefix

A word part added to the front that changes meaning.

im- in impassable means not.

Premise

A stated reason offered in support of a claim.

Children cannot judge long-term interests.

primary source

The original evidence from which later claims are made.

A first-hand document, dataset, recording or account that provides direct evidence about the subject being studied.

The event organiser’s gate-count table was the primary source for both reports.

probe

A follow-up question that explores an idea more deeply.

A targeted questioning move used to elicit clarification, evidence, reasoning or further analysis from a speaker.

Aisha used a probe: “Which detail from Source B supports that interpretation?”

probing question

A focused question that tests reasoning or requests missing information.

A follow-up enquiry designed to examine assumptions, evidence, implications or logical connections.

Her probing question asked whether the survey represented all Corniche visitors.

purpose

What the author wants the text to achieve.

The intended effect or communicative goal that shapes an author's selection and presentation of ideas.

The facilities manager's purpose is to encourage further investigation before a decision.

Qualifier

A limit placed on a claim to keep it defensible.

in most cases, to sixteen

qualify

To limit or refine a claim so that it becomes more accurate.

To modify a proposition by stating its conditions, limitations, scope or degree of certainty.

Hamad qualified the claim by explaining that access was beneficial only when group sizes were controlled.

quotation

The exact words taken from a source.

A verbatim reproduction of source language, marked and attributed within another text.

The guide states that the roots create “sheltered water where young fish can feed”.

Reason

A statement explaining why the claim should be accepted.

Sugary drinks are linked to tooth decay.

Reasoning

Your explanation of how the evidence proves the claim.

This matters because tiredness is biological, not chosen.

Rebuttal

Your reasoned answer to the counter-argument.

However, independence grows from choice, not volume.

refutation

A reasoned response showing why a counterclaim does not overturn your judgement.

The systematic rebuttal of an alternative claim through evidence, logical analysis, qualification or exposure of limitations.

Her refutation showed that careful scheduling answered the concern about lost lesson time.

Register

How formal or informal your language is for a situation.

Formal register in a class debate.

Relevance

Whether evidence actually supports the reason it is attached to.

Decay data supports a health reason, not a cost reason.

reliability

The degree to which a source can be trusted for a purpose.

The extent to which a source provides accurate, relevant, transparent and consistently supported information for a specified use.

The report’s reliability is limited because it does not explain how participants were selected.

Research question

A focused question with a place, time frame and measurable subject.

How did NO2 change after the 2019 zone?

researchable question

A focused question that can be answered with available evidence.

An open, specific inquiry that defines a manageable scope and permits an evidence-based response.

Our researchable question examines whether labelled bins reduce paper waste in one school corridor.

respectful disagreement

A polite challenge to an idea, supported by a reason.

A reasoned response that challenges a claim while maintaining appropriate language, tone and regard for participants.

Noor expressed respectful disagreement before presenting evidence about the damaged seats.

rhetorical shaping

How presentation choices influence an audience's understanding.

The strategic selection, organisation and framing of information according to purpose, audience, medium and desired effect.

Source A's use of a large percentage is a form of rhetorical shaping.

Root

The core part of a word carrying its main meaning.

port meaning carry in transport.

Run-on

Two sentences pushed together with no punctuation or joining word.

The bus was late we missed the film.

scale

The numbered intervals used to represent values on a chart.

The system of ordered values and intervals used to represent quantities along an axis or within a visual.

A scale beginning at 140 made the increase appear unusually large.

Scope

The boundaries of a question in place, time and subject.

Our district, 2019 to 2024, Grade 10 only.

Semicolon

Punctuation joining two closely related independent clauses.

Funds existed; the plan died anyway.

sensory detail

A detail connected to sight, sound, smell, taste, touch or movement.

Descriptive language that represents sensory perception to create imagery, mood or a vivid experience.

Cool air brushed Mariam's dusty trainers as the doors opened.

sentence

A group of words that expresses a complete thought.

An independent grammatical unit containing a subject and predicate and marked by final punctuation.

The class examined the old walls.

setting

The place, time and conditions in which a story happens.

The temporal, geographical, social and environmental context in which narrative events occur.

The exposed setting allows the shamal wind to disturb Noor’s work.

Signal word

A word that reveals the structure of a passage.

However signals a contrast.

simile

A comparison using “like” or “as”.

A figurative comparison between unlike things that explicitly uses a comparative word such as “like” or “as”.

Dust floated like tiny lanterns in the evening light.

situational irony

An outcome that meaningfully contrasts with what the situation leads you to expect.

A narrative technique in which an actual outcome sharply and meaningfully reverses an established reasonable expectation.

The lost navigation robot unexpectedly guided the team towards a better presentation.

source

The person, group or record from which information comes.

The stated origin of information or data, used to assess its context, authority and reliability.

The source note says that the figures came from the learning hub entry counter.

source material

An earlier text or tradition used to shape a new work.

A pre-existing text, narrative pattern or cultural tradition adapted, quoted or invoked within another work.

The writer uses The Crow and the Pitcher as source material.

stanza

A group of poetic lines separated from other groups.

A grouped sequence of lines forming a structural division within a poem.

The third stanza describes the Corniche becoming active.

stanza break

A space marking a pause or change between stanzas.

A visual and structural division that separates stanzas and may signal a shift in meaning, tone or time.

The stanza break separates the resting dhow from the sounds of morning activity.

story arc

The organised path of a story from its opening to its resolution.

The structural progression of narrative events through exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution.

The story arc reaches its climax when Mariam answers the judge's question without using her card.

Structural revision

Reordering, merging and cutting paragraphs before sentence editing.

Reading only topic sentences.

structure

The way the parts of a text are arranged.

The deliberate organisation and relationship of a text’s formal parts, including lines, stanzas and sequence.

The poem’s structure follows Doha Bay from dawn towards noon.

Subordinate clause

A clause with a subject and verb that cannot stand alone.

because the river rose

Subtext

The meaning under the words that is implied rather than stated.

Neither character names the secret.

Sufficiency

Whether there is enough credible evidence to carry the claim.

One anecdote is not sufficient.

Suffix

A word part added to the end, often changing the word class.

-able in readable.

Supporting detail

A fact, example or statistic that proves the central idea.

Melatonin is released roughly two hours later during adolescence.

suspense

Tension caused by uncertainty about an important outcome.

A narrative effect produced by delaying significant information or the resolution of conflict.

The closed survey log creates suspense because its contents remain unknown.

Syntax

The arrangement of words and clauses in a sentence.

Opening with a participle phrase.

Synthesis

Combining sources into one balanced account.

Both agree the meadow is fenced.

Tension

A genuine disagreement between sources.

Different explanations for the same trend.

Text structure

The pattern a writer uses to organise information.

Cause and effect, compare and contrast, chronological.

Textual evidence

A short quotation or detail from the text that proves your point.

The crow took a pebble and dropped it into the pitcher.

Theme

The message about life that a story shows, written as a full sentence.

Steady effort can solve a problem that strength alone cannot.

Thesis

The sentence stating your claim and main reason.

Homework should be capped because sleep matters more.

Third limited

Third-person narration that can enter only one character mind.

Mara told herself she had done nothing wrong.

third person limited

Narration that follows the thoughts of one character using third-person pronouns.

A narrative perspective using third-person reference while restricting internal access primarily to one focal character.

In third person limited, the reader knows Hamad's worry but not the guide's plan.

third person omniscient

Narration that can reveal several characters' thoughts and wider information.

An all-knowing third-person perspective able to access multiple minds, locations or facts beyond any single character's knowledge.

The omniscient narrator reveals what Mariam, Hamad and the guide each know.

Tone

The attitude of the writer or speaker towards the subject.

Mocking, urgent, reverent.

Topic

What a text is about, usually said in one or two words.

Persistence, friendship, loss.

Topic sentence

The opening claim of a paragraph.

The novel associates survival with lost language.

Transformation

The deliberate change a writer makes to source material.

Replacing execution with a night shift.

transition

A word or phrase showing how ideas connect.

A linguistic device that signals a logical relationship between clauses, sentences or sections.

However, the student survey presents evidence that challenges the leaflet’s claim.

Truncated axis

A chart axis that does not start at zero, exaggerating change.

A y-axis from 95 to 100.

Turn taking

Sharing speaking time so everyone contributes.

Bringing a quiet member into the discussion.

Turning point

The moment where a character or plot changes direction.

She stood up before she had decided to.

understatement

Language that deliberately makes something seem less important or serious.

A rhetorical device that represents the scale, intensity or significance of something as smaller than it actually is.

Mariam described the robot's complete failure as “a slight disagreement with directions”.

unit

The standard quantity used to report a measurement.

A defined quantity used as a standard for expressing and comparing measurements or counts.

The chart's unit is individual visits, not percentages.

Unreliable narrator

A narrator whose account the reader has reason to doubt.

A narrator who blames a teacher while hiding unfinished work.

verbal irony

Words that deliberately communicate a meaning different from their literal meaning.

A rhetorical technique in which a speaker's intended meaning contrasts with the literal meaning of the utterance.

Seeing the empty hall, Tariq said, “An excellent audience has arrived.”

Warrant

The unstated principle that makes a premise relevant to the claim.

Society may act for a child future self.

Withholding

Deliberately delaying information the reader wants.

An unopened letter.